Crisis Action Plan free essay sample

When it is determined that if any event should become disastrous to the citizens of and visitors to the City of Fort Worth, TX, the Chief of Police should order the Crisis Response Plan to be put into operation. The Fort Worth Police Department’s Crisis Response Plan is designed to institute policies and procedures for a reaction to any emergency or crisis. While it is understood that no plan can prepare for every unknown contingency, the Crisis Response Plan provides a framework from which to respond and overcome the crisis or emergency. Purpose The Crisis Response Plan is designed to efficiently manage the assets and resources of the Fort Worth Police Department to protect the lives and property of visitors, citizens, officers, and staff. The Crisis Response Plan concisely delineates the command structure and coordinates communication within the Department, with the Fort Worth Fire Department, City of Fort Worth, Tarrant County, the public via the various forms of media, and with neighboring police departments. The Crisis Response Plan includes the procedures for the rapid identification of potentially dangerous conditions and the methods for reporting and responding to these emergencies quickly calmly, and effectively. Applicability The Crisis Response Plan should effect : * All officers, Regular and Reserve, * FWPD staff, and * Civilians employed or utilized by FWPD. Policy The Crisis Response Plan cannot provide specific information and actions for every possible emergency. It should provide a framework from which all participants can be guided in their efforts. It is understood that on-the-spot decisions should be made by trained professionals, both sworn and civilian, and such decisions should be supported by the Crisis Action Management Team. Objectives The Crisis Response Plan is designed to be executed in times of emergency and crisis. It should be executed to accomplish the following priorities: * Protect the citizens of and visitors to the City of Fort Worth, TX, from harm. * Protect the property of the City of Fort Worth, both governmental and private. * Communicate effectively and truthfully to: The public, either directly or through the media, * Management of the City of Fort Worth, * Management of the County of Tarrant. The officers, supervisors, and staff of the Fort Worth Police Department, and * All members of the inter-organizational network. * Respond to activation of the Operation Partnership Emergency Network (OPEN). Assumptions Since a crisis may arise at any time, given the complexity of Fort Worth city boundaries and its large and growing population, all possible and potential crises must be considered. Each Command should create and maintain a â€Å"living† Crisis Response Plan from Crisis Response Plans submitted by their Divisions. The Crisis Response Plan for the Fort Worth Police Department should be maintained by the Chief of Staff and should be comprised of the Crisis Response Plans submitted by each Division and Command. The Fort Worth Crisis Response Plan should contain a set of operational guidelines as a foundation for addressing crises for which there has been planning and training and crises that were unforeseen. Organization The organization of the Crisis Management team is listed in Appendices A and B, and the organization chart of the Fort Worth Police Department is listed in Appendix E. It is delineated by job title in order to accommodate future changes in the chain of command. Each member should appoint a â€Å"second† to take their place in case of unavailability for whatever reason. All staff members, and their seconds, should be required to attend all Crisis Response Plan staff planning meetings. 2. Critical Organizational Functions Normal radio patrol of the city must be maintained to the extent that the crisis allows. External and internal communications, including radio, cell phone, and computer communications must be maintained at normal levels and staffing increased as necessary to handle calls from citizens. Traffic operations may be overloaded, therefore off duty radio patrol officers and reserve officers should be used to the extent necessary to meet the crisis. No consideration of overtime or budget constraints should be given during the life of the crisis. Department personnel protection is to be maintained at all times to ensure the safety and health of all officers and staff, and their family members in case of a terrorist attack. Therefore, the patrol and traffic computer terminals should have access to addresses of all officers in their district. Access should be activated by authority of the crisis management team. During a crisis, the Emergency Preparedness/Incident Command (EPIC) team should provide rest, rehabilitation, and hydration for all officers and civilians responding to and participating in the incident. This is especially needed due to the climate of our city and for the maintenance of diligence and awareness of each officer. A rested and comfortable person can better respond to meet the needs demanded by the crisis. Planning Scenarios In the event of any disaster, all members of the Crisis Management team should assemble at the Tactical Operations Center (TOC) in the Fort Worth Police Department (FWPD) Headquarters. They should be notified by FWPD dispatchers via land line, cell phone, and email. Any member that cannot be reached within fifteen (15) minutes should have a radio patrol unit dispatched to his home address for notification. The backup TOC should be located at the FWPD training academy. All mobile command posts should have the capability to act as a TOC if the primary and secondary TOCs become untenable. The chain of command of the FWPD should be observed in the absence of, or lack of communication with, any supervisor. The Crisis Response Plan should be tested under challenging and genuine simulated circumstances. The testing should involve all members of the inter-organizational network and an after-incident report should be made by each member. From those reports, any necessary amendment(s) to the Crisis Response Plan should be initiated. A. Natural Disasters Natural disasters such as flooding, ice, straight-line winds, and tornadoes should be handled pursuant to the Tarrant County Natural Crisis Response Plan. The duties of the Fort Worth Police Department should mainly be maintenance of public order, traffic direction, and protection of Fire Department, EMS, Emergency Management personnel, and visitors amp; citizens of the City of Fort Worth. To that end, each Deputy Chief, or his designate, should be on duty until the disaster is abated. The Chief of Police is a member of the Tarrant County and City of Fort Worth Crisis Management teams. He, or his designate, should be on duty until the disaster is abated. The Fort Worth Police Department is a support organization for all disaster responders with the main objectives of ensuring public order, optimizing traffic flow, and protection of the responder organizations. Man-made Disasters In the event of terrorist attack or an active shooter, the Fort Worth Police Department should be first responders within the city limits. Upon arrival of the Department of Public Safety (DPS) or Federal law enforcement authorities, all assets and resources of the Fort Worth Police Department should be made unequivocally available to the supervision of DPS and/or Federal law enforcement authorities. In the event of a suspected terrorist attack, the main duty of the Fort Worth Police department is to protect the visitors and citizens of the City of Fort Worth. The Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team should be immediately activated and prepare to engage any identified terrorists. The investigative team for terrorism, in conjunction with the Fort Worth Fire Department (FWFD) arson and bomb squad, should be activated, briefed, and deployed to gather evidence and determine the perpetrators of the terrorist act. The SWAT team has the lead in any active shooter incident. The Deputy Chiefs, Captains, or their designates, should be on duty and actively involved with an active shooter incident. Radio patrol should be tasked with the evacuation and protection of visitors and citizens at the incident location. Radio patrol should act under the supervision of the SWAT team commander. Traffic units should secure a first perimeter, under the direction of EPIC, of three (3) square blocks and a second perimeter of six (6) square blocks within which no person should be allowed to enter or leave. The traffic division should close all entrances to the city via the main arteries including freeway off ramps. If the incident occurs in an area that includes a main artery or freeway, all traffic should be diverted to city streets and directed away from the incident. The FWPD, partnering with the FWFD, should establish at least two (2) safe and secure havens for civilian within the initial perimeter as determined by EPIC. Each haven should be protected by a minimum of six (6) FWPD officers. FWPD reserve officers may be called upon to perform this duty. All communications with the media should be handled by the spokesman for the City of Fort Worth. No statements are to be made by any member of the FWPD or the FWFD. All requests for information and comments should be directed to the spokesperson at 817-555-0001. The City of Fort Worth and the FWPD should have established, and manned, a crisis hotline which should only answer questions as to evacuation when such action is deemed necessary. The public should be advised that the city has the incident under control and direct the caller not to attempt to travel to the incident location. Fictitious Disasters The City of Fort Worth, the FWFD, and the FWPD have brainstormed a scenario in which the Dow Chemical Company, located at 3300 Bolt St. , Ft. Worth, TX, 76110, became involved in a fire. The chemical gases born in the smoke would be a severe health hazard within a five (5) square mile area, and depending upon the prevailing winds, could spread seven (miles) in any direction within three (3) hours. The FWFD should have the incident supervision authority and the FWPD should be responsible for protection of the fire fighters, traffic control, and evacuation of the populace within the immediate area (10 square blocks). A ten (10) square block initial perimeter should be established immediately, allowing no entry except for first responders. After one hour, and before the second hour, if the fire is not under control, a second perimeter should be established over a twenty (20) square block area and all civilian should be evacuated beyond the second perimeter boundary. Any further boundary should be determined by the FWFD after taking prevailing winds into consideration. The FWPD reserve component should be put on alert when the initial perimeter is established and will operate under the direction of EPIC. Immediately upon the decision to establish the second perimeter, the reserve component should be called into action. Their task should be to man and enforce the second perimeter, allowing only first responders entrance therein. They should be directly under the supervision of the patrol division supervisors assigned to the incident All communications with the media should be handled by the spokesman for the City of Fort Worth. No statements are to be made by any member of the FWPD. All requests for information and comments should be directed to the spokesperson at 817-555-0001. The City of Fort Worth should have established, and manned, a crisis hotline which should only answer questions as to evacuation when such action is deemed necessary. The public should be advised that the city has the incident under control and direct the caller not to attempt to travel to the incident location. All requests for comments should be referred to the spokesman for the City of Fort Worth. The City of Fort Worth Crisis Management team should monitor the incident, and upon making the decision to evacuate the affected neighborhood(s), notify the designated media outlets. A brief, concise warning should be given the media which should be broadcast, unedited, to the public. Should blame of any kind be leveled toward the City of Fort Worth or the FWPD, the information should be communicated to the spokesman for the City of Fort Worth and the Chief the FWPD through the chain of command. Any request for comments should be directed to the spokesman and no interviews should be given in the field or at any location, by any person, except the city’s spokesman. 1. Contingency Phases Pre-crisis Phase Officers on duty should practice the observance of possible triggers or prodromes which may indicate the beginning of a possible incident or crisis. Supervisors should be contacted immediately for confirmation and notification. Officers should continue to observe and report until supervision gives alternate direction. Training with OPEN, Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), Fort Worth-Tarrant Country Emergency Management, and the Fort Worth Fire Department Response Phase * Follow the Crisis Response Plan as closely as possible with the protection of lives and property governing total adherence. * Move with alacrity and purpose. * Handle each incident professionally with a sense of direction. Respond calmly in order to set an example for the citizenry. * Use good decision making skills based upon training and experience when confronted by an issue not covered in the Crisis Response Plan, keeping in mind the first objective of the response phase noted above. Recovery Phase * After-incident report by each team will be made by each Division Commander to the correspondent Deputy Chief. * Rest and rehabilitation of responders will be the responsibility of the Rehabilitation and Hydration Team of the FWPD Emergency Preparedness/Incident Command (EPIC). The Division Commanders should establish normalcy in the area(s) affected at the earliest possible moment after the order of passing crisis is given. * Restore and increase the confidence of the visitors and citizens of the City of Fort Worth by assuring them the crisis has passed and what steps they should take to resume normal activity in their area of residence or work place. The Crisis Response Plan for each level of the FWPD should be upgraded and presented to the Crisis Management Team. The Crisis Management Team should amend the Crisis Response Plan to address deficiencies and learned activities. * The Crisis Management Team should task organizational and inter-organizations re-training in the areas amended in the Crisis Response Plan. * The Crisis Management Team should begin brainstorming future crisis possibilities with the inter-organizational network with an eye toward the unthinkable. Processes and Procedures All stakeholders should plan for a worst case scenario and investigate crises experienced by other organizations outside of our immediate area of responsibility. These plans should be presented at the annual crisis management meeting for possible adoption into the current Crisis Response Plan along with the amendments necessitated by findings of the after-incident reports from inter-organizational training scenarios. Training, both departmental and inter-organizational Gaming, both departmental and inter-organizational Scenarios, both departmental and inter-organizational Communications should establish modes of communication and develop procedures and protocols with the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES) in Tarrant County and designate a liaison team working in partnership with RACES.

The West Encounters and Transformations

â€Å"Voices from the Battle of the Somme† The battle of the Somme was one of the deadliest battles in the history of humanity. People seeing all those horrible deaths, corpses, gun machines had the so-called â€Å"shell shock†.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The West: Encounters and Transformations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That was a deep psychological trauma that affected people differently. In many cases men were shocked, they cried. Others were fixated on a single idea, either to run and save oneself, or kill as many enemies as possible. The loss of friends made soldiers seek for revenge. A soldier reflects upon one of the battles where he saw his friend die. This made the soldier eager to kill enemies without even noticing his wounds (Kishlansky 246). Those who saw their friends’ deaths stopped thinking about anything in the world as they saw their targets and wanted to mak e their enemies pay for their friends’ deaths. It is necessary to note that the battle was rather an unbearable experience for young soldiers. Thus, a soldier writes that he was young and he was shocked, he was ashamed of his fear (Kishlansky 243). Of course, it was really hard to find oneself in the middle of the massacre for a young boy who had faces few or no negative experiences. Those events made young boys become mature men with hardened hearts. Such experiences made people change their attitude towards death. Thus, one of the stories shows the difference between the attitude of a veteran and a newcomer. Thus, newcomers were shocked, they could not bear seeing even one man’s death (Kishlansky 247).Advertising Looking for assessment on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, veterans counted in tens or even hundreds. It was not about cruelty, veterans got used to death which was all around the batt le field. Ernst Junger â€Å"Storm Of Steel† When writing the story, Junger believed the war was an â€Å"incomparable schooling of the heart† (249). He thought that his war experience made him stronger. He claimed that the war was a great lesson he learnt as he learned more about human nature. He saw that men possessed a great will which led them to victory. When Junger asked one soldier about the situation, the latter told him of the horrible noise, shells, guns, messed trenches and corpses (Junger 250). The soldier also said that it was always difficult to understand what was what (where the enemy was, where English troops were). This description did not differ from what Junger and his men had to experience in trenches some time later. The war affected all in quite the same way. Men were shocked and disoriented. Many did not know what to do. Even Junger, who had to lead his men, was not always sure in what was right and what really should have been done. Junger depi cts the picture of a town devastated by the war (250). He tells about partly destroyed houses, corpses everywhere. Many people died in that war (military people, civilians, children). He also mentions gardens where fruits rot as there are no people to collect the fruits. When reading the last lines of the story it is quite difficult to state that it is an antiwar novel as the author states that he is proud of soldiers who are committed to give their lives to achieve some goals. However, when reading the story it is obvious that the war is a horrible and rather meaningless thing. Thousands and millions of people died without even understanding what was what. Thus, it is possible to assume that it is an antiwar story as it shows horrors of the war.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The West: Encounters and Transformations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More V.I. Lenin â€Å"What Is To Be Done?† Lenin claims that workers should be educated by revolutionaries. Lenin states that workers should know the major doctrines of socialism to be able to build the new order. He also stresses that there can be no dissent as it will make the working class weaker and vulnerable. Lenin rejects trade unionism as he sees trade unions as another way to control and exploit the working class (Lenin 257). He claims that trade unions are governed by bourgeoisie which is the major enemy of the working class. Therefore, Lenin argues that there should be no trade unions as workers should not allow bourgeoisie rule. Lenin argues that revolutionary movement has to have strong organizations of trained revolutionaries who will educate workers, provide and spread literature. These revolutionaries have to make their revolutionary activity their priority. The organizations of these revolutionaries should be rather small, but they should be supported by the crowd. Lenin explains his desire to make the movement highly c entralized by the necessity to keep the core of the movement in secret to secure the entire movement. Of course, this centralization would make Lenin the head of the movement. It actually made him the only ruler of the new country. It is possible to claim that the document can be regarded as an effective blueprint for would-be revolutionaries. The document is a good example of how a politician can explain his seek for power by noble goals. The document also highlights ways of leading the secret fight against those in power. Works Cited Junger, Ernst. â€Å"Storm of Steel.† Sources of the West: From 1600 to the Present. Ed. Mark Kishlansky. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2011. 249-252. Print. Kishlansky, Mark. Sources of the West: From 1600 to the Present, Harlow: Pearson Education, 2011. Print.Advertising Looking for assessment on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lenin, Vladimir Ilich. â€Å"What Is to Be Done?† Sources of the West: From 1600 to the Present. Ed. Mark Kishlansky. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2011. 256-259. Print. This assessment on The West: Encounters and Transformations was written and submitted by user Kyndall Jennings to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

“The Voice of Ile a Morphil” free essay sample

In this particular case, it seems to have been beneficial to the less developed country, by providing funding, advice and schools. Development Aid is a good notion, but is often executed poorly, such as mining in third world countries. When done right, development aid is beneficial to both parties, and can help develop a region without unethically harming its culture. In many cases of development aid, the less developed country receives â€Å"help† in the form of job opportunities and money. While this approach will increase the GNI per capita, and purchasing power parity, it will not necessarily benefit the Human Development Index. There are numerous examples of Development Aid gone wrong. When a company or country takes an interest in the resources of a third world country, it often overlooks the cultural and environmental impact of their operations. The Grasberg gold mine is one example of where development aid only results in ruin of local communities. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The Voice of Ile a Morphil† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page PT Freeport Indonesia, the company that runs the mine, has taken four hundred feet off of a sacred mountain to the local people (Danny Kennedy). PT Freeport Indonesia has said that its presence will help the Paupuan Agribusiness by providing infrastructure. The farmers and fisherman used to sell and trade amongst themselves; PT Freeport Indonesia says that they are providing infrastructure and development aid, but in reality are only hurting the local traditions and Culture (Paupan Agribusiness). The development aid provided to the people in the documentary â€Å"The Voice of Ile a Morphil† was more beneficial to the less developed country. Ton, the head of the program, cared about the people and their culture. He would spend time there and participate with the community. By providing funding, advice, and being persistent, the program was able to help the local community more than if they had solely provided jobs. If a region is not ready for technology, such as tractors, it will go to waste. By giving the people simple irrigation systems and some credit to be able to buy seed and pump repairs, the people prospered, while the culture remained unharmed. This situation is an example of development aid that was planned and executed well. In conclusion, development aid is a good idea, but is often not the actual goal of a supranational organization. In most cases the company or organization is just looking to turn a profit, and disregards the people and environment of the region they are exploiting. It is unethical for companies to change a people’s culture and way of life for their own greed. When a program like LFM gives â€Å"help† their goals are to give enough money, advice and resources to develop on their own, LFM is not looking to abuse the region. When development aid is done right, it provides a region with the tools it needs to develop infrastructure without harming the regions culture.

Polythene Pollution Essay Example

Polythene Pollution Essay Example Polythene Pollution Paper Polythene Pollution Paper a petroleum product is a suspected human carcinogen or cancer-causing agent. In studies with mice, polyethylene has been linked to cancer of the colon. When these bags come in direct contact with food, as in packaging, chemicals within the bag can each out into the food and contaminate it. When burned they release cancer- ; Polythene can also cause AIDS and thrombosis. Causing gases. ; About 1 billion sea animals die each year by ingesting polythene bags mistakenly. The plastic bags on ingestion may wrap around their gut or they choke them to death. Steps to Combat Polythene Pollution ; Plastic polythene bags must be banned altogether or by levying tax on plastic bags, polythene pollution may be checked. Polythene materials may be considered for recycling. Very few fractions of polythene containers an be recycled like polythene containers for soft drink, milk, water bottles. ; People must be encouraged to use wax paper instead of polyethylene products, to use cloth or hemp or jute or paper bags instead of plastic bags. ; More public awareness has to be created explaining about the harmful impact of polythene pollution. Advantages an d Disadvantages of Polythene: Polythene is mainly used for the packaging purposes. Polythene is found to be a lightweight material. Its also defined as a thermoplastic material. This polythene is mainly made from the substance called ethylene. These also having many of the properties for the composition. This is mainly used for the consumer products. Polythene is having many advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of Polythene The advantages of polythene are given below, ; Polythene has one of the advantages of lightweight material, which is mainly used for the packaging purposes. ; Polythene also finds an important component in the spoilage Of food. In reduces the food Wastage. ; The Polythene ducting is very much suitable for the air coolers, fans, heater equipment, and air handling units. By the usage of polythene bags it is very much compatible for the consumers. It is useful than the glass or paper. ; Polythene has also finds the advantage of transparency. One can easily view the materials inside the polythene bags. Disadvantages of Polythene The disadvantages of polythene are given below, ; Polythene is defined as one of the harmful substances, when w e throw it in the soil it will easily damage the plant life. The soil particles are also ad managed. ; Polythene is also having the disadvantages of damaging the water particles. The toxic chemicals present in the making of polythene will damage the plants and animals easily. It also damages the ecosystems of aquatic and marine. ; Polythene gas one of the disadvantages in the pipe blocking. If we use the [polythene in the pipe blocking it will leads to free flow of the water particles. ; If the polythene chemicals are inhaled by the animals means, it damages the abdominal cavity of the animal. ; If we preserve food items in the colorful polythene bag, it also harmful because the color of the bag contains the chemicals like lead and the cadmium.

Four Types of Experimental Designs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Four Types of Experimental Designs - Essay Example This report examines four fairly common research methodologies: survey research, case study research, ethnography, and mixed design. The pros and cons of each design are assessed, and examples are given. A survey or questionnaire is considered to be a relatively accessible, flexible research option. Generally, flexible designs offer benefits to research that is willing to change as new variables come up throughout the process, whereas fixed or quantitative designs such as will be mentioned later, offer benefits to research that is about stabilizing and controlling a certain state of variables or predictions. The quantitative or qualitative survey method is a popular choice among researchers. This methodology differs from explicit ethnography in that it is more rationalized and quantitative in nature, and primarily seeks to answer research questions through the proposition that scientific research cannot be proposed without substantive or grounded data to back it up. This makes the us e of statistical information very popular with other type theorists, but getting statistics on the future is difficult, and therefore this is another appropriate reason for the research subject to be covered in a quantitative survey manner, rather than grounded theory or ethnographic methods. When researchers use a survey, they often wind up finding out new research questions and directions, while measuring the opinions and attitudes of subjects. At the same time, they can present their data in a scientific way, through the use of ANOVA, SPSS software, and other methods.

What does it mean to say humankind was made in the image of God Essay

What does it mean to say humankind was made in the image of God (Biblical Anthropology) - Essay Example The issue is not with the revelations. Spiritual revelations of all the divine incarnates is one and the same, for they speak from beyond-the mind level, where bliss alone, the Eternal Light alone, revels. That perfect state transcends dualities or confusion. All dogmas are related to the mind-level understanding of the humankind. Perfection is not possible at this level. One has to cross the barrier of mind. â€Å" All dogmatism has this in common, that they are clothed with a certain authority. Naturally, the basis of this authority differs. Scientific dogmas have the authority of the axiomatic or self-evident truth. Philosophical dogmas deserve their authority from the generally admitted arguments by which they are established. Political dogmas are clothed with the authority of the government by which they are decreed. And religious dogmas are based on divine revelation(either real or supposed), and are therefore authoritative.†(Louis, p.18) But revelations are unquestionab le and are beyond the scope of arguments and counter-arguments. The essential difference between religion and spirituality needs to be understood. Spirituality is all-embracing for the entire humankind. If one turns the pages of history, they are daubed in the bloodshed related to conflicts between the different religious communities. â€Å"Hence this should not introduce God as an object about which man must speak, but as a subject which addresses man, and to which man must respond.†(Louis, p.11) When one talks about man in relation to God, the first question that arises in ones mind is the justification for the existence of an individual. There is a purpose behind ones arrival in this planet, a plan behind ones existence and a reason for the final departure, once liberated from the mortal bindings. Being born and to walk up to the grave is not the real purpose of life. â€Å"Christian religious faith is faith in the regeneration of man who is alienated

Topic about non-pofit and non-governmental organizations Essay

Topic about non-pofit and non-governmental organizations - Essay Example The greatest challenge confronted by NPOs today is the emergence of financial shortages posed by regular government cutbacks resulting in funders who prefer supporting short-term projects rather than long-term activities. NPOs immensely rely on their volunteers for various tasks such as fundraising, performing office works and other tasks related with the NPOs. Besides, the increasing competition among the NPOs have resulted in diminishing funding and raised various difficulties in acquiring corporate support. It has been majorly influenced by this aspect that the small non-profit organizations have emerged as the prime sufferers of the intense organizational competition (Stowe & Barr, 2005). Consequently, many NPOs have tailored programs limited towards meeting the needs of funders, only which has increased the risk of ‘mission drift’ among both large and small NPOs (Cheng & Mohamed, 2010). In the similar context, the structure of NGOs may take several forms such as lar ge or small, bureaucratic or flexible as well as it may be practiced in an informal or formal form. NGOs largely rely on its supporters and volunteers as well as on its staffs with the intention of availing adequate manpower in order to satisfy the organizational objectives. Similar to NPOs, funds are required by the NGOs as well to support their charitable operations (Australian Council for International Development, 2010). It is in this context that the fundraising costs of NGOs at times are observed to be problematic by a certain extent. Correspondingly, the activities related to fundraising of NGOs may be affected by inter-organizational factors including organizational values, resources and other external factors such as restrictions posed by government laws and regulations. The common fundraising sources that are adopted by organizations include government grants, roadside collections, special events, membership and online donations among others (Cheng & Mohamed, 2010). NPOs a nd NGOs are important elements of any society that aims to benefit the citizens to raise their living standard and seek cooperation from other to help them in performing their tasks efficiently. Nonetheless, it is not an easy task for the organizations to conduct activities conveniently as several factors act as hindrances in this context. For instance, in the current era, human sympathies are often considered as insufficient for reforming societies or eliminating social causes such as poverty, illiteracy, and other social causes or rescuing people during natural calamities rendering greater significance monetary values and economic benefits. Therefore, funds, as well as skilled and hard working staffs are also required in order to efficiently meet the challenges faced by the citizens of various nations (Australian Council for International Development, 2010). The organizations often obtain grants provided by governments and donations collected from various people and members which in most instances prove to be inadequate in meeting the financial requirements. Furthermore, with the increase in the human population, the vulnerability of unfavorable circumstances also tends to be increased. In this course, the organizations need to expand their area of