Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. The process relies on the idea that organisms respond to stimuli, and that if they can be taught to associate a specific stimulus with a particular behavior, they will be more likely to engage in or avoid the behavior, depending on the type of stimulus involved.In the other hand, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through association between an environmental stimulus and a naturally stimulus. It involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. While operant conditioning and classical conditioning techniques share some similarities, it is important to understand the differences between them. One of the major differences involves the types of behavior that are conditioned. While classica l conditioning is centered on involuntary, automatic behavior, operant conditioning is focused on voluntary behavior.An example of classical conditioning could be when: someone flushes a toilet in your apartment building or your house, the shower becomes very hot and causes you to jump back. Over time, you will begin to jump back automatically after hearing the flush before the water temperature changes. As a child my mother would always tell me to go to the store and buy fresh baked bread first thing in the morning, and I would immediately put a piece in my mouth, years has past and the smell of fresh bread baking makes my mouth water.We have a lion in a circus. It learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat, this example is operant conditioning because standing on a chair and jumping through hoops are voluntary behavior. You check the coin return slot on a pay telephone and find a quarter. You find yourself checking other telephones over the next few days. This is also an example of operant conditioning because checking the coin return slot is also a voluntary behavior

Principles of Conditioning

Needs and drives, what exactly are they and what do they have to do with dogs/dog training? A need or drive is a type of motivation that describes the behaviors dogs show during training. Needs can be something as obvious as water or food, all the way to behaviors that serve no clear physical need at all (ex play behavior). Dog training is all about arranging matters so the dog’s yearnings are met when they perform the desired action. Before any of this can take place you must ensure all of the dog’s primary needs are met. The dog needs to be in a healthy state, be happy, and have a good emotional connection to the trainer, also known as rapport. There are two types of drives, primary and secondary. Primary drives are the drives that are a necessity for ensuring your dog stays alive and healthy (i. e. thirst and hunger). If these drives are not met it can lead to injury or death. Secondary drives include all of the motivations that make a dog behave the way it does. They are not as necessary for the life and health of a dog, but are still very important. 1) Primary drives: ) Oxygen: i) Quite simply, the dog needs oxygen to survive. Many things your dog does increase the oxygen that they consume, which results in panting. Panting is also a way that your dog expels excess heat. Heavy panting can interfere with the sense of smell (olfactory). b) Thirst: ii) The need for water. It’s important to maintain your dog’s hydration level so it does not interfere with training. Also water cannot be u sed as a reward for the dog. c) Hunger: iii) Just like oxygen and water, food is also a very important part in keeping your dog happy and healthy. Though, unlike water food can be used as a reward, normally in the form of a treat. The dog should not eat if it has recently been doing intense physical activity, particularly in hot conditions. d) Drive to avoid pain and discomfort: iv) Dogs are a very intelligent species and learn very quickly, especially when there is a pain factor involved. They will avoid performing actions that they have learned cause them pain. Thus why handlers will inflict a type of discomfort when the dog disobeys or performs an action incorrectly. I. e. f you command the dog to sit but they ignore, or perform an incorrect action the handler will give a physical correction (command avoidance) that inflict pain upon the dog. In this process the dog is learning that if it does not sit like it has been taught it will be corrected (punished). Before you can use this type of training you must ensure that the dog knows the desired response. 2) Secondary drives: e) Socialization: v) This is basically the same as the dogs pack drive. One of the dog’s strongest drives is to have a social relationship with other dogs or humans. It needs to be a stable relationship in which the dog trusts or has affection for it’s companion. Though this is not an instantly created bond, it is extremely important for the handler to build rapport with the dog. Walking, feeding, grooming, or just playing with the dog for a period of time can build this relationship. Building rapport is very important to the successfulness of the team. Socialization is made up of two sub-types, alpha and beta. (1) Alpha is what the dog initially wants to be. It’s instinct for dogs to want to have supremacy or dominance in a relationship. 2) Beta is when the dog is submissive, and allows others to be in control and dominant. This is what you want your dog to be as a handler. This is because the dog will show willingness or motivation to please the handler by completing actions that the handler commands. f) Play socialization: vi) Play socialization does not clearly serve any important needs, but it is important to incorporate fun pl ay into the relationship between handler and dog. g) Prey drive: vii) This is the dog’s natural instinct to attack, bite, and carry anything the dog sees as prey. This can be another animal or object. What a dog would do to a rabbit, can be initiated by throwing a ball in most circumstances. This predatory instinct is very important in dog training, especially in controlled aggression. h) Aggression: viii) This includes any behaviors such as biting, growling, and fighting when used to compete with others for resources (food/water) or to protect them selves when felt threatened. Dominant, defensive, and pain-elicited aggression are all a vital role in motivating dogs in patrol training or rewarding them with a bite.

An Exegetical Essay On John Chapter 1 Religion Essay

An Exegetical Essay On John Chapter 1 Religion Essay INTRODUCTION Unlike the synoptic Gospels, the Gospel of John does not begin with the historical Jesus, instead, the author exalts his eternal existences over his earthly entrance into the world. The eternal existence of Jesus is perceived by the use of ‘Word’ (logos) in the prologue. Thus, the author begins his gospel with the words, ‘In the beginning was the Wordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ John’s Gospel stresses on the deity of Jesus, he strikes the reader straight with the Greek ‘Word’ (Logos) as a replacement of Jesus until the end of the prologue. One could say that the understanding of this Gospel is centred on the ‘Word’ (logos) as a key affirmation of the entire Gospel. The prologue affirms that Jesus used the eternal ‘Word’ which has been translated from the Greek word (logos). In chapter (1:1-5) the author talked about the pre- existence, in (1:6-8) he elaborated on the witness of John the Baptist, in (1:9-13) he highlighted on the light coming to the worlds, in (1:14-18) he accounted on the incarnation of the Word. This prologue is specially or specifically designed to prepare the way for the evidence of the doings of no ordinary person but Jesus Christ. This paper is an attempt to exegete the passage of (John 1:1-18). The Pre-existence Word (1:1-5) The commencement of this Gospel as stated, ‘in the beginning was the word’ has something to do with (Genesis 1:1). John was trying to say that Jesus Christ was in the beginning and He was the ‘Word’ which existed in the beginning before creation or before the world began and ‘was fully God’ (John 1:1-3). Jesus is indeed the creator, sustainer of all belongings, our source of living and the establishment of eternal life. To understand this concept one must commence with the Father-Son relationship which is the central revelation of John’s Gospel and also the key to understand the sayings and deeds of Christ Jesus (17:5, 24). Extensively, this term (logos) which has a meaning in English as â€Å"the Word† was used in Greek literature or theologians and philosophers; among them were the ‘Stoics who used the term to describe the principle of divine reason which caused the natural creature to grow.’   [ 1 ]   Philo of Alexander was the mastermind of this idea in his writings and maintained it as an instrument of the world creation. There are dissimilarities between the usage of the ‘Word’ by John and Philo. In the mind of Philo, he by no means consider the ‘Word’ as a person and he did not maintain its pre-existence, he denied the incarnation of the ‘Word’ which is known as Jesus. But in Johns mind the ‘Word’ was maintained and became ‘flesh.’ This points to Jesus Christ who came to save humanity and dwell among them. One could say the fifth verse of this chapter shows the compassion of the auth or as a beloved disciple and an eyewitness of Jesus who is trying to communicate the good news to the Jews, Greek philosophers and all kinds of people from generation to generation in his writings. Here John declares that Jesus Christ is the true light, who shines in the darkness, but the darkness which can be translated as sinful man ‘has not understood it.’ The better understandings of this verse rely on (verse10-11).   [ 2 ]

Career management in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Career management in business - Essay Example Please identify ONE strength and ONE weakness only, and provide detailed supporting evidence.† 1.1 Career aspirations Short term career aspirations: -I have working skills in sales, supply chain, finance training and effective customer services. - I have certification in human resource management and I am beginning to build my successful career as professional human resource manager in banking services and activities. - I learn constantly; hence I believe that an organization that offers internal and external opportunities will contribute to effective organizational development. -I like interacting with everyone on professional issues; thus I believe that a better career in HRM will offer me this opportunity to explore my skills. Therefore, I will like to recognize all facets including pension services, recruitment process, employee relations and benefits in an organization. Medium: -I will utilize my knowledge or experience and available resources in order to find the innovati ve or creative solutions to business issues. -I will continue improving and expanding my skills in the expertise field through finding the linkages or relationships among various fields. -I will train and mentor the followers in a manner that can enable them to become productive in the organization. -I will learn and understand the cultural beliefs of other people in order to understand the way business activities and use of technology will be impacted by the cultural beliefs. Understanding organizational culture is essential because it will contribute to successful organizational performance. Long term: -I hope in the 4 years from now, I will achieve managerial position and develop a strong team to lead. Therefore, I believe that I can achieve this through hard work and continuous self development with laying a strong emphasis on improving my professional profile. -I will work with the creative and innovative team in the future in order to develop passionate on the way they handle various task in the organization. This is significant because they will enable me to develop effective skills for achieving my career objectives successfully. Singh (2010, p.34) argues that carrying out research and learning innovative or creative ideas is significant. This is because they contribute towards organizational success. - I will develop an action plan for tracking changes in the workplace environment through learning and talent development; thus creating organizational change. Management action plan is significant because it will enable the organization to create transformation and improve organizational performance in the future. 1.2 Skills required/demanded in your chosen occupation/role -Develop experience in Human resource management, training skills, financial management skills, sales management skills and logistics as well as good leadership skills. Bass, Bass and Bass (2008, p. 56) argues that successful HRM should develop effective earning skills and adopt succes sful leadership theories for management. Employing effective leadership skill is effective because it will enable the HRM to meet the organization objectives effectively; thus creating business change or value. - Developing creative strategic leadership skills is required in the organization. There have been extraordinary heave of concern in business leadership activities in the current banking industries. This is specially the effective skills that

H.H. Holmes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

H.H. Holmes - Case Study Example The second floor of the castle consisted of sinister guest rooms equipped with trap doors, peepholes, chutes leading to the basement, and moving walls. The chutes led to either a vat of quicklime or acid, or to the incinerator. The rooms were fire resistant padded with asbestos lining (Larson 4). Holmes is known to have committed most of the murders he allegedly was responsible for in the hotel. It was confirmed that Holmes actually committed four murders while he made confession of having committed twenty-seven. It is speculated that he may have committed as many as two hundred murders. Some of his victims were taken from the World’s Fair, which took place about two miles away from his hotel. Holmes is reported to have killed his victims either by pumping poisonous gas into the rooms as guests slept or by poisoning them with chloroform after sneaking into their rooms through the trap doors as they slept. He disposed the bodies by carrying them to the chutes. Apart from the gu est rooms, the Castle had a torture room equipped with an elasticity determinator, which he used to stretch his victims to death (Schechter 13). In a jewelry store on the first floor of the castle, Holmes employed a man as the manager. According to Ramsland, the man had a wife, about six feet tall. She ended up having an affair with Holmes that led to divorce from her husband. She later got pregnant and was convinced by Holmes to have an abortion. Holmes offered to perform the abortion. Later on, Holmes sold a six-foot tall skeleton of a woman for $200 to Hahnemann Medical College. In another incident, a woman named Emmaline Cigrand fell in love with Holmes. They arranged for a marriage; however, Holmes suffocated her to death in a vault, in the Castle, on the day the marriage ceremony was expected to take place (Schechter 37). After a case of murder that had occurred in Philadelphia in 1894 was discovered, the case of Holmes started developing. The police were informed of a scam th at had recently occurred by Marion Hedgepeth, who had once shared a cell with a man named H. M. Howard, and had given Howard the name of an attorney to assist in committing an insurance fraud. The scam involved another man called Benjamin Pitezel, who was assisted by Holmes to get a $10000 life insurance cover from Fidelity Mutual Association in Chicago; and would later fake his own death in an explosion in the laboratory in order to claim insurance compensation. Holmes had informed Pitezel that they would use a cadaver to fake the death. Holmes tricked his accomplice into heavy drinking before soaking him in benzene and burning him to death. He then extinguished the fire and poured chloroform into the stomach of Pitezel’s body. Holmes then altered the scene to create an impression that the death had been caused by an accidental explosion (Geyer 63). In order to collect the money from insurance compensation, there was required a family member to identify the body. Since Pitez el’s wife was sick, Holmes took his daughter for the task. Pitezel’s wife was unaware of her husband’s death. The money was to be shared among several participants in the scam, including Hedgepeth, but Howard schemed and made off with the money. A detailed letter written by Hedgepeth about the scam was passed on to the insurance company, where it was realized that the Howard in question was actually Holmes. Hedgepeth offered the

Ethical Aspects of Euthanasia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Aspects of Euthanasia - Research Paper Example Voluntary euthanasia takes place when death is hastened at the request of the patient. The ethical issues that arise are the respect for individual autonomy, as well as the obligation of the medical practitioners to respect patients’ informed choices. Euthanasia claims to relieve the patient of suffering. It is also argued that if a patient has the right to choose and make informed decision about his medical treatment, he also has the right to decide when to die (Chaloner, 2007). The opponents claim that this could have a damaging effect on the individual and the society. The opponents argue that palliative care should be improved but in terminal cases, no amount of medicine would make any difference. Moreover, the psychological need of the terminally ill patients to be relieved of the suffering should be of equal importance as the physiological needs. This is individual autonomy and an individual must have the freedom to do what he wants to and when he wants to do. John Stuar t’s Harm Principle also asserts that the individual has a right over his own body and mind. This principle restricts the power of physicians and others in the medical field to arrive at decisions about the patient when the decision affects none other than the patient himself. Autonomy again gives rise to certain apprehensions. For an individual to arrive at the decision, he should be competent enough to decide on a course of action. Is he in the right frame of mind? Secondly, if autonomy of the patient is respected, the autonomy of the medical professionals also needs to be respected. Hence, if the autonomy of the doctors is also respected the patient loses the right to receive assistance to die. Rights and duties are interwoven. Hence, it can also be interpreted that the health professionals have a duty to assist the terminally ill patients to die. Other arguments that abound are that a competent

Compensation and Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Compensation and Benefits - Essay Example It wanted to be recognized as one of the finest places to work. To actualize that vision and mission, Nike implemented an incentive program in correlation with the mission. In any organizations including Nike, the workers do their duties for personal motivations like money (salary), but their motivation will get a great boost if they receive additional financial rewards, promotions and recognitions. When the reward component is analyzed from the perspective of organization's mission, it does somewhat supports Nike's mission. That is, Nike's mission is "To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world" (Nike Business, n.d.). Even though, this mission is customer centric, to achieve that mission the employees have to work effectively. To make the employee at Nike work effectively, the incentive program plays an important role. The incentive program implemented inside Nike perfectly fits with its resources. That is why, Nike has introduced an incentive program called Performance Sharing Plan, which correlates with the company's performance. "Performance Sharing Plan (PSP) - Nike has an annual bonus plan that rewards employees based on Nik e's performance (to reward team success) and individual performance (to reward your contributions to that success)." (The New York Job Source, 2008). As the program rewards the workers who perform up to the expected level, it meets the expectations of the employees. Importantly, this incentive program is fully attracting and retaining the employees. That is, Nike by rewarding and giving incentives to the deserving and 'success achieved' employees through this program and other programs is making them stick to the organization. This system is very flexible because it changes according to the performance of Nike. That is, if the employees perform optimally and raise organizational productivity and profits, they will be rewarded optimally. As this program is applicable to all types of employees, it cannot be tailor made for specific workers. On the whole, this incentive program functions as one of the main motivating factors for the employees, making them stick to the organization and thereby helped Nike reach the status of the world's number one maker of athletic shoes, equipment and apparel. When organizations fail to reward the employees appropriately, it could wean way the workers from the group decision making process and the resultant work teams. That is, some times or even frequently, the management overriding tried and trusted individuals could give important posts and responsibilities to individuals with negative attributes. If this practice is followed in the organisation, it will create disenchantment among the workers and will destroy team work. This ritual of awarding plum posts, rewards, incentives, etc, to the inappropriate members by the leader or the management team is not a norm in Nike. Nike rewards the employees in an unbiased manner. As mentioned above even this main incentive program of Performance Sharing Plan is applicable to all performing employees. Because of this strategy, workers in Nike are not banding together in a kind of mutual pr otection society with a culture of its own, but unite as work teams and are working in unison for the organizations. Unison of workers into teams with an urge to usher an organization into a successful endeavor will actualize, if the

Describe fully how corporate governance has developed in the UK from Essay

Describe fully how corporate governance has developed in the UK from the early 1990's to the present day, outlining as appropriate the key influences on the development - Essay Example The Cadbury Report came up with a significant number of recommendations. Amongst the most important ones were the separation of the role of chairman and chief executive, an increase in the number of non-executive directors on the board of a company, the selection process of non-executive directors and the need for good internal controls over the operations of a company. The issue of thick amounts being paid out as director’s salary and share options being granted to the top management led to the issuance of the Greenbury Report in 1995. The report recommended the creation of a remuneration committee comprising of non-executive directors (BOURNE 2007). The purpose of this committee was to determine the pay of executive directors. Moreover, the report required extensive disclosure in the financial statements about directors’ salary and other benefits granted to them by the company. In early 1996, a committee by the name of Hampel Committee was established to determine whether the principles laid down by the Cadbury and Greenbury Reports were even put into practice by companies or not. The Hampel Committee came up with the Hampel Report which led to the eventual publication of the much famous Combined Code of Corporate Governance in 1998. The Combined Code covered a lot of important areas like director’s remuneration, accounts and auditing, company’s dealings with major or institutional shareholders, operations of the board of directors and the responsibilities of institutional shareholders. The Code applied to all the listed companies in the UK from almost the start of 1999 till November ’03 when the Revised Code was issued. The Combined Code also required companies to provide a statement in their annual reports telling how they have complied with the principles laid down in the code (LYSANDROU 2007). There was much confusion over how companies should implement the teachings of various codes into their business.

Thinking about Publishing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thinking about Publishing - Essay Example when you think of authors, what do you think motivates authors to want to publish their work, and why do you think they might choose the specific forms they choose like printed books, ebooks, blogs, newspapers, etc? Authors publish their works with an aim of disseminating their written work to the public in a more appealing way. The published information can either be fictional or non-fictional. Publishing non-fictional works has always been a valid choice for many authors, especially those who have a solid foundation as well as means of distribution (Konrath). 3. What are some different formats of published work and specific publications you yourself generally read? Be as specific as you can. (This could include websites, newspapers, magazines, email newsletters, books, ebooks, textbooks, novels, comics, etc!) There are different formats of published works. These formats include books, textbooks, novels, magazines, websites, and newspapers, among other formats. In book publishing, there are different types of book publishers, depending on the market of the book. Those who publish books found in most bookstores are professional publishers, academic publishers, and self-publishing services (Konrath). 4. In your own life, what are some interesting things youve noticed about publishing? This might include changes youve seen over the course of your life (like maybe you bought an e-reader and your experience of books changed). Or it might include differences you see between publishing in the US and publishing in another country where youve lived or visited. Or it might include your experiences reading articles for school online vs. reading printed textbooks. Anything that comes to mind is great! In my entire academic life I have witnessed a lot when it comes to publishing. I have seen many changes in the course of my life. I once bought an e-reader which totally changed my experience of books. In addition, in the course of visiting different countries to pursue my

Discuss the different types of love Essay Example for Free

Discuss the different types of love Essay In Act 3, Shakespeare portraits love in different characters point of views, also showing the different ways love can be expressed in. Orlando and Silvius both express their love openly, not fear of embarrassments. Touchstones love is very realistic; Phoebes way of express is very childish; and Rosalinds words are very self-contradicting. Touchstones point of view of a wife is a tool that can be replaced or thrown away at any time. Just from the excuse he gave from not having a proper wedding for he is not like to marry me well and, not being well married, it will be a good excuse for me hereafter to leave my wife, it can show that he doesnt really value this marriage and is already thinking about divorcing before they are even married. Also from the reason he gave about the marriage is just by so much is a horn more precious than to want, we can tell how he sees Audrey as a person. Audrey in Touchstones eyes can be seen as an object or just a releasing of sexual needs, he is not respecting her in any point. As a professional jester, people usually imagine them as very nai ve and stupid, but in a contrast to Orlando from a noble family, he acts more mature and is more realistic. By using big difference in status, Shakespeare shows that the way of thinking is actually not affected by the status and job of that person. Different from Orlando, Silvius pursues Phoebe day and night, and begs that she would accept him, while Orlando is just expressing his love without even the courage to go see Rosalind face to face. But the love between Silvius and Phoebe is one sided. We can tell this after Silvius said she is like the common executioner, whose heart thaccustomd sight of death makes hard begging her to go easy on him, but just in return receives Phoebes mocking. She mocks him about his hyperbolic language and says now show the wound mine eye hath made in thee. During the whole scene, she only said Siliviuss name once, showing that she does not even spare him a glance. Not only is their love one sided, Phoebe acts really irritated and is very cruel with the words she chose to use. Like if mine eyes can wound, now let them kill thee, suggests that she would rather kill him than to give him a little of her love. Although she says cruel things, but she never kicked Silvius or physically hurt him. She also never said anything like stay away, I think is because she likes to feeling of being popular, and the amount of attention Silvius is giving her. I think she mistook that every man is like Silvius, only crying for her love, and falling before her knees, thats why she acts like a queen. This shows that Phoebe actually has very little contacts with people outside even the others in the forest. Phoebe actually is very inexperienced with love. Although she didnt say openly, but saying I had rather hear you chide than this man woo to a man which she has just saw reveals her affections. Shakespeare here uses dramatic irony, because Phoebe doesnt know that Ganymede is actually a women in disguised. And denying her own love is just like the actions of a child towards his or her first love, so I think she is very inexperienced in love. The love Orlando holds for Rosalind is very inconsiderate. As Rosalind says, he haunts the forest that abuses out young plants with carving Rosalind on their bards; hangs odes upon hawthorns and elegies on brambles; all, forsooth, defying the name of Rosalind. He doesnt care how much trouble he is causing to the forest and other people that lives in the forest, just for the sake of his quotidian of love. He didnt care about Rosalinds feelings whose name is written by him all over the forest, which makes her widely known, just for the sake of his love. Orlando is very childish, naive, and venire. He wants the whole world to believe that he is in love with Rosalind, even the Ganymede for which he has only seen. He said, fair youth, I would I could make thee believe I love and I swear to thee, youth, by the white hand of Rosalind, I am that unfortunate he. From his urgent tone, we can tell that how much a strangers word weighs on his heart, in order for him to swear. White using to describe a persons skin can mean that he or she is ill, but I think Orlando mean no harm, but this is just the word he can find to describe Rosalind. So, again, we can see the big difference in education between Rosalind and Orlando. He said the verses above right after Rosalind (now as Ganymede) said he doesnt look like he is in love, so he reacted greatly from just a strangers words. Just from one side of the story, without questioning the truth, Orlando accepted the help of a stranger, without even knowing that person. If it was a trap, Orlando would be dead by now, so he is very nai ve. As a woman, Rosalind loves Orlando by heart. By the way she questions Celia about Orlando, answer me in one word shows that Rosalind is very urgent about everything that is about Orlando. Although she loves him, she doesnt show it very much, denying the love rule in Shakespeares plays, which when characters fall in love hard and fast, they would be desperate and reacts greatly. Rosalinds love is very self-contradicting. She says love is merely a madness when she also, is madly in love. She says as if she was very experienced with love, but actually she doesnt hold much experience than Orlando does. These contradictions only happen when she is dress as a man, showing the difference in gender can bring much difference in the way of talking and gestures. Rosalind is a very ironic character. She comments on love from two different points of views when she is having two different identities. She uses her identities to her greatest benefits, but in return receives a self-contradictory image about love. It is because in Shakespeares period, all actors were men. Imagine a man playing a woman who plays a man in order to win a mans love, the neat borders of gender becomes hopelessly muddled. I think Rosalinds Ganymede identity is use to show that men is actually not much better than women, because the things men can do, women can also do if they want. Shakespeare displays love in many different angles, showing to the audience that love cannot be too realistic like Touchstone, but cannot be too imaginative like Orlando; love is a poison that can bring suffer like Silvius and Phoebe, but can also bring sweetness. The love in As You Like It is far to unrealistic that they are not likely to happen, but this is just a hyperbolic play, suggesting that it might occur in another form. Like Rosalinds identities, love need to strike a balance; otherwise they would create problems for others and themselves.

Viscoplasticity and Static Strain Ageing

Viscoplasticity and Static Strain Ageing Viscoplasticity Inelastic deformation of materials is broadly classified into rate independent plasticity and rate dependent plasticity. The theory of Viscoplasticity describes inelastic deformation of materials depending on time i.e. the rate at which the load is applied. In metals and alloys, the mechanism of viscoplasticity is usually shown by the movement of dislocations in grain [21]. From experiments, it has been established that most metals have tendency to exhibit viscoplastic behaviour at high temperatures. Some alloys are found to exhibit this behaviour even at room temperature. Formulating the constitutive laws for viscoplasticity can be classified into the physical approach and the phenomenological approach [23]. The physical approach relies on the movement of dislocations in crystal lattice to model the plasticity.  Ã‚   In the phenomenological approach, the material is considered as a continuum. And thus   the microscopic behaviour can be represented by the evolution of certain int ernal variables instead. Most models employ the kinematic hardening and isotropic hardening variables in this respect. Such a phenomenological approach is used in this work too. According to the classical theory of plasticity, the deviatoric stresses is the main contribu- tor to the yielding of materials and the volumetric or hydrostatic stress does not influence the inelastic behaviour. It also introduces a yield surface to differentiate the elastic and plastic domains. The size and position of such a yield surface can be changed by the strain history, to model the exact stress state. The theory of viscoplasticity differs from the plasticity theory, by employing a series of equipotential surfaces. This helps define an over-stress beyond the yield surface. The plastic strain rate is given by the viscoplastic flow rule. To model the hardening behaviour, introduction of several internal variables is necessary. Unlike strain or temperature which can be measured to asses the stress state, internal variable or state variables are used to capture the material memory by means of evolution equations. This must include a tensor variable to define the kinematic harden ing and a scalar variable to define the isotropic variable. The evolution of these internal variables allows us to define the complete hardening behaviour of materials. In this work we consider only the small strain framework. The basic principles of viscoplasticity are similar to those from Plasticity theory. The main difference is the introduction of time effects. Thus the concepts from plasticity and the introduction of time effects to describe viscoplasticity, as summarised by Chabocheand Lemaitre[21] are discussed in this chapter. Basic principles Considering small strains framework, the strain tensor can be split into its elastic and inelastic parts ÃŽ µ = ÃŽ µe+ ÃŽ µin(2.1) where ÃŽ µ is total strain, ÃŽ µe is the elastic strain and ÃŽ µin is the inelastic strain. In this work, we neglect creep and thus consider only the plastic strain to be the inelastic strain. Hence we can proceed to rewrite the above equation as : ÃŽ µ = ÃŽ µe+ ÃŽ µp(2.2) where ÃŽ µp is the plastic strain. Let us consider a field with stress ÏÆ' = ÏÆ'i j(x) and external volume forces fi. Thus the equilibrium condition is given as: ∂ÏÆ'i j + f ∂xii = 0;i, jÃŽ µ {1,2,3} (2.3) From the balance of moment of momentum equation, we know that the Cauchy stress ten- sor is symmetric in nature. The strain tensor is calculated from the gradient of displacement, uas: 1 .∂uj∂ui. ÃŽ µi j = 2 ∂xi + ∂x (2.4) The Hookes law for the relation between stress and strain tensors is given using the elastic part of the strain: ÏÆ' = E · ÃŽ µe(2.5) where ÃŽ µe and the stress ÏÆ' are second order tensors. E is the fourth order elasticity tensor. Equipotential surfaces In the traditional plasticity theory which is time independent, the stress state is governed by a yield surface and loading-unloading conditions. In Viscoplasticity the time or rate dependent plasticity is described by a series of concentric equipotential surfaces. The location on the centre and its size determine the stress state of a given material. Fig. 2.1 Illustration of equipotential surfaces from [21] It can be understood that the inner most surface or the surface closest to the centre represents a null flow rate(à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = 0). As shown in Figure (2.1), the outer most and the farthest surface from the centre represents infinite flow rate (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = ∞). These two surfaces represent the extremes governed by the time independent plasticity laws. The region in between is governed by Viscoplasticity[21]. The size of the equipotential surface is proportional to the flow rate. Greater the flow, greater is the surface size. The region between the centre and the inner most surface is the elastic domain. Flow begins at this inner most surface( f=0). In Viscoplasticity, there are two types of hardening rules to be considered: (i) Kinematic hardening and (ii) isotropic hardening. The Kinematic hardening describes the movement of the equipotential surfaces in the stress plane. From material science, this behaviour is known to be the result of dislocations accumulating at the barriers. Thus it helps in describing the Bauschinger effect [27] which states that when a material is subjected to yielding by  Ã‚  Ã‚   a compressive load, the elastic domain is increased for the consecutive tensile load. This behaviour is represented by ÃŽ ± which does not evolve continuously during cyclic loads and thus fails to describe cyclic hardening or softening behaviours. A schematic representation is shown in Fig.(2.2). Fig. 2.2 Linear Kinematic hardening and Stress-strain response from [11] The isotropic hardening on the other hand describes the change in size of the surface and assumes that the centre and shape remains unchanged. This behaviour is due to the number of dislocations in a material and the energy stored in it. It is represented by variable r, which evolves continuously during cyclic loadings. This can be controlled by the recovery phase. As a result, isotropic behaviour is helpful is modelling the cyclic hardening and softening phenomena. A schematic representation is shown in Fig.(2.3). Fig. 2.3 Linear Isotropic hardening and Stress-strain response from [11] From Thermodynamics, we know the free energy potential(ψ ) to be a scalar function [21]. With respect to temperature T, it is concave. But convex with respect to other internal variables. Thus, it can be defined as : ψ= ψ.   ,T,ÃŽ µe,ÃŽ µp,Vk.(2.6) where ÃŽ µ,Tare the only measured quantities that can help model plasticity. Vkrepresents the set of internal variable, also known as state variables which help define the memory of the previous stress states. In Viscoplasticity, it is assumed that ψ depends only on ÃŽ µe,T,Vk. Thus we have: ψ= ψ.   e,T,Vk.(2.7) According to thermodynamic rules, stress is associated with strain and the entropy with temperature. This helps us define the following relations: ÏÆ' = Ï  . ∂ψ. ∂Î µe ,s = − .∂ψ. ∂T (2.8) where Ï  is density and s is entropy. It is possible to decouple the free energy function and split it into the elastic and plastic parts. ψ= ψe.   e,T.+ ψp.   ,r,T.(2.9) Similar to ÏÆ', the thermodynamic forces corresponding to ÃŽ ± and r is given by: X = Ï  .∂ψ. ∂Î ± ,R = Ï  .∂ψ. ∂r (2.10) Here we have X the back stress tensor, used to measure Kinematic hardening. It is noted as a Kinematic hardening variable which defines the position tensor of the centre of equipotential surface. Similarly Ris the Isotropic hardening variable which governs the size of the equipotential surface. Dissipation potential The equipotential surfaces that describe Viscoplasticity have some properties. Points on each surface have a magnitude equal to the strain rate. Points on each surface have the same dissipation potential. If potential is zero, there is no plasticity and it refers to the elastic domain. The dissipation potential is represented by à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ which is a convex function. It can be defined in a dual form as: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦.   ,X,R; T,ÃŽ ±,r.(2.11) It is a positive function and if the variables ÏÆ',X,Rare zero, then the potential is also zero. The normalityrule, defined in [22] suggests that the outward normal vector is proportional to the gradient of the yield function. Applying the normality rule, we may obtain the following relations: ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚   p = ∂ÏÆ', ÃŽ ±Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢   = ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ , ∂X ∂ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ rËâ„ ¢ = ∂R (2.12) Considering the recovery effects in Viscoplasticity, the dissipation potential can be split into two parts: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦p+ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r(2.13) where à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦p is the Viscoplastic potential and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r   the recovery potential which are defined as : à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦p=à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦p..− X. − R− k,X,R; T,ÃŽ ±,r. ,(2.14) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r=à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r.   ,R; T,ÃŽ ±,r.(2.15) .3 J2 . . †²Ã¢â‚¬ ².†²Ã¢â‚¬ ² ÏÆ'− X=2  Ã‚   ÏÆ'− X:  Ã‚   ÏÆ' − X (2.16) where J2 .− X. refers to the norm on the stress plane and kis the initial yield or the initial size of equipotential surface. Going back to the relation in (2.12) , we have: ∂J2 . X. ÏÆ'†² − X †² ÏÆ' ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦Ã¢Ë†â€šÃƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   == 3 =pËâ„ ¢ (2.17) p∂ÏÆ'∂J2 . .∂ÏÆ' 2ÏÆ'− X. Here, p is the accumulated viscoplastic strain, given by : .2 pËâ„ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚   = ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚   p : ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢p(2.18) 3 Also applying the normality rule on eq. (2.15) we may define r as : rËâ„ ¢ = pËâ„ ¢ − ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r(2.19) ∂R Thus when recovery is ignored (i.e à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r = 0), r is equal to p. Perfect viscoplasticity Let us consider pure viscoplasticity where hardening is ignored. Thus the internal variables may also be removed. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. ,T.(2.20) Since plasticity is independent of volumetric stress, we may consider just the deviatoric stress ÏÆ' †² = ÏÆ' − 1 tr(ÏÆ')I. Using isotropic property, we may just use the second invariant of ÏÆ' †². Thus: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. (ÏÆ' ),T.(2.21) Applying the normality rule here, we may obtain the flow rule for Viscoplasticity. ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦3∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ÃÆ'†² ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   == (2.22) p∂ÏÆ' 2 ∂J2 .ÏÆ'. J2 .ÏÆ'. From the Odqvists law [12], the dissipation potential for perfect viscoplasticity can be obtained. Here the elastic part is ignored. Thus we have: ÃŽ » à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = n + 1 .J2(ÏÆ').n+1 ÃŽ » (2.23) where ÃŽ » and n are material parameters. Using this relation in the flow rule from eq.(2.22), we get: .J2(ÏÆ').nÏÆ'†² 3 ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = p2ÃŽ » J2 . . (2.24) Further the elasticity domain can be included through the parameter kwhich is a measure of the initial yield: 3 ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = .J2(ÏÆ') − k.nÏÆ'†² (2.25) p2ÃŽ » J2 . . The are the Macauley brackets defined by : à ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¨Fà ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ © = F · H(F),H(F) = .1   ifF0 (2.26) 0   ifF

Journey of the Magi :: Literary Analysis, T.S Eliot

â€Å"Journey of the Magi† is a poem by T.S Eliot extracted from the Ariel poems and published in 1930. It is a dramatic monologue of one of the Magi telling us about his expedition throughout Palestine to find the Christian messiah: Jesus Christ. Through the narrator’s dramatic monologue, Eliot treats the envisioning of reality, usually distorted by the human mind. In the poem, the travelers witness something that changes their reality forever. How does this monologue illustrate the narrator’s envision of his experience traveling through Palestine? In order to analyze the narrator’s perception of his past journey, I will precede with the study of Eliot’s poem by a linear analysis. In his dramatic monologue, Eliot uses vivid understanding of the three Kings journey by the use of imagery. The different use of details guides the reader to use his imagination about a Biblical reference of more than 2,000 years ago. The narrator starts his story by describing the climate challenges encountered: â€Å"A cold coming we had of it.† He uses the diction of winter: â€Å"cold, winter, snow†, combining visual and tactile senses for the reader to experience the difficulties faced by the three wise men. The narrator is generally very negative about what he encounters during his trip. He uses pejorative vocabulary in order describes the season: â€Å"Just the worst time of the year†. (v.2) â€Å"deep and sharp weather† (v.4) â€Å"the very dead of winter† (v.5). Not only the Three Kings seem to be tired and upset about their adventure, but their camels as well. They were â€Å"lying down in the melting snow† (v.7) â€Å"galled, sore -footed and refractory†. The role of this enumeration is to insist on the animal’s physical fatigue and also to show that both human and animals were affected by the weather conditions. In the second half of the first stanza, the narrator describes summer in the different cities he and the other kings traveled. By taking track of the seasons, the Magi inform the reader about the length of his Palestine journey. The transition from winter to summer setting is smoothly made by the verse: â€Å"There were times we regretted.† (v.8), which exemplifies the Magi’s envision of his experience. The challenges of the trip were so great and unexpected that most of the times tempted the three Kings to give up on their mission in finding the Messiah. The Magi depicts palaces, terraces, sherbet (a central Asia’s sorbet) and silken girls to help the reader visualize the places he passed by.

Himmler?s Reign of Terror and Ingenious :: essays research papers

One man’s sick mind led to the extermination of an entire generation of people. These ideas came at the worst possible time, during World War II. The ideas were horrific and evil and today they would be viewed as satanic but at the time they were thought to be glorious and wonderful. This gave Hienrich Himmler a place as one of the most devious persons ever. Himmler went to grade school at the Cathedral where he was an excellent student. It was during this time that Himmler became interested in Germany’s history and war (Shrirer 130-131). After he finished grade school he went to Technical High school. He once again resumed the role of a good student. At this time Himmler felt he had no rules or discipline so he dropped out of high school and enlisted in the Army. While in the Army Himmler got special tutoring to finish high school (Shrirer 137-138). Himmler attended a small college outside of Munich. While there he did not fit in very well and did poorly in his studies. After a short time Himmler left college and rejoined the military (Stewart 97). Himmler joined a paramilitary unit outside of Bayer-Munich. He was in a class of 200 and was the best soldier. His commanding officer said, â€Å"He’s the best natural soldier I’ve ever seen† (Goralski 103-104). Himmler did not do much in World War I. He was rumored to have killed Gihi Rhambal. People are not one hundred percent sure if he did, but many believed it was he (Jarmon 132). During this time he was mainly taking care of his family. He married a lady Miller 2 named Marga Stoenbauer. Himmler also had a daughter named Gudren. Gudren was Himmler’s daughter but not Marga’s. He had Gudren with a mistress. The mistress left the baby with Himmler right after she was born and she was never heard from again (Bauer 84-85). Shortly after World War II broke out, Himmler was chosen for a special assignment. He received the assignment because he was probably the best soldier in the German Army. He was appointed the head of the Gestapo, the most feared people in Germany. The Gestapo was formed in 1933 and the massive killings began in 1934 (Rogaski 187-188). Himmler and his men dressed in all black, so that people would recognize and respect them (Stewart 131). Himmler was respected for two main reasons. The first was that many people thought he was next in command to Hitler. People figured that they probably should not get involved with the boss. The other reason people liked Himmler was that Hitler liked him and if he found out anyone was saying anything about him that

I already donated a few :: essays research papers

Short Summary of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the story of a boy living on the Mississippi River during the 1840's. It relates the experiences of Huck and Jim, a runaway slave. The book is a continuation of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and recaptures its playful, lighthearted spirit. The book begins with Huck living with Widow Douglas who is trying to "sivilize" him. He finds this lifestyle terribly constricting but he tries to make a the best of the situation. The narrative takes a darker tone with the return of Pap Finn, Huck's drunken father. A judge rejects Judge Thatcher and the Widow Douglas' attempt to be appointed Huck's legal guardian, and Pap goes on a drinking binge to celebrate his victory. Pap excepts to get Huck's entire fortune and takes Huck to a deserted cabin three miles upriver, to keep a close eye on him. Huck is unhappy, fakes his own death, and escapes in a canoe to Jackson's Island. On his third day on the island, Huck meets Jim, a black boy, whom he knows from Hannibal. It turns out that Jim has run away from his master, to seek his freedom. The two boys get along very well and forge a strong friendship. After several weeks, Huck gets word that the island is about to be searched for Jim. The two pack up some things, and head down the river on a raft. Their plan is to reach Cairo, Illinois, where they will take a steamboat up the Ohio River to the free states. Their attempts are thwarted by poor weather conditions and they soon discover that they have passed the small town of Cairo in the fog. The two boys change their plans and continue their journey downriver. During the journey, Huck and Jim's friendship grows considerably, and the two become like family. Huck and Jim are separated when their raft hits a steamboat and Huck goes ashore to stay with a family, the Grangerford's. Huck soon becomes involved in their ongoing feud and leaves when several family members are killed. Huck finds Jim and they are able to continue their journey. At one point, they meet two swindlers, known as the King and Duke. The boys let the men join them on their raft and they in turn participate in their escapades. In one town that the group reaches, King and the Duke stage a "Shakespearean Revival" and they take in over $400.

Client Paper Essay

Human service professionals, or helpers, will likely work with many different clients, each with their own set of problems. These problems can range from physical abuse and neglect, aging issues including death and dying, and a number of other issues concerning the basic needs of life. Problems can also encompass the many different situations people find themselves in either as a result of life choices or out of no fault of their own. These problems may include homelessness, combat veteran issues, and mental illness. Whatever the problem or problems are, it is the responsibility of the helper to use a wide range of skills to assess client needs, create a treatment plan, and offer resources and emotional support to the client as they accomplish the goals included in the treatment plan. These skills include communication, empathy, compassion, patience, analytical skills, and teamwork. A range of problems faces human services clients â€Å"Problems for clients are rarely single issues, and the human service professional should approach each client with the expectation of more than one problem.† (Woodside & McClam, 2011, p. 131) Every problem that a client presents with cannot be predicted. In fact, client problems encompass a wide range of needs and circumstances. For example, a client who is struggling with domestic violence may also have a need for mental health support. A client with mental health issues may also be experiencing a lack of food, clothing or shelter. The problems facing clients are very broad and it is helpful to better understand them. Problems facing children and families include physical and sexual abuse, poverty, lack of a healthy home, or little education. Children are especially vulnerable as they cannot provide for themselves. Although â€Å"[t]he best place to serve kids is in their home and with a family,† there may be a necessity for placement in foster care or, in some c ases, adoption (Moffat, 2011, p. 5). The elderly also face  unique problems such as lack of mobility, losing their independence, and end of life issues. When the elderly can no longer care for themselves, finding in-home care or placement in assisted living or nursing home facilities becomes the focus. In addition, the elderly may struggle with some of the basic needs of life such as food, shelter and clothing. Immigrants, veterans, and people with disabilities face other problems in the human service field. Immigrants struggle with adapting to a new culture in a new country as well as learning a new language. Immigrants may have problems with finding employment, housing, and legal help, as well. Veterans need assistance with adjusting to civilian life including adjusting their skill sets to match employment opportunities. Combat veterans especially struggle with physical and mental disabilities and are in need of appropriate services for rehabilitation. Disabled people face challenges in personal care as well as employment, including issues with rehabilitation and adapting to their disabilities. The need for residential or group care facilities may also be at issue for the disabled community. Problems with substance abuse and addiction, mental illness, and clients with criminal records also exist. Many of these problems co-exist in a client’s life and need to be addressed as a whole. â€Å". . . the client is an individual comprised of psychological, social, economic, educational, vocational, and spiritual dimensions and possibly will have needs in many of those areas.† (Woodside & McClam, 2011, p. 132) Specific helping skills can be used with clients Essential to the helping process is knowledge and practice of professional and interpersonal skills that help the human service professional in effectively addressing the needs of clients. These skills include communication, empathy, compassion, patience, analytical skills, and teamwork. â€Å"Chief among these are interpersonal and communication skills, because more workers deal directly with a variety of people† (Moffat, 2011, p.9). The work of human service professionals centers on building relationships of trust with the client. It is the responsibility of the helper to facilitate effective communication. Listening is vital to the process. In order to fully grasp the client situation, the helper needs to observe both the verbal and nonverbal messages. Listening involves paying  attention to both words and actions as they go hand in hand in understanding the total message being given. G.E. Egan introduced the SOLER concept for responsive listening. Learning this concept c an be very useful to the human service professional (Egan, 2010). Details of the SOLER concept are illustrated in the following table: S Face client Squarely O Adopt an Open posture L Lean toward the person E Maintain good Eye contact R Try to be relatively Relaxed In addition to the SOLER method, paying attention to vocal tone and speech rate, and verbal tracking of the client’s message will exhibit attending behavior and help the communication process (Ivey, Ivey & Zalaquette, 2009). The helper can encourage the client to discuss their issues openly by not changing the subject they have chosen. Effective listening shows compassion for the client and creates an opportunity to show empathy and patience, additional skills that are essential to the success of the human service field. Clients in the human service field come from a variety of situations. Their values and belief systems vary widely as much as their problems do. In order to effectively help people, helpers need to develop acceptance and understanding of these differences. Unconditional acceptance of the client is essential to the success of treatment. Helpers need to see the situation and experience feelings from the perspective of their client. Patience is necessary for the h elping process as there are likely to be setbacks or resistance to the treatment plan. Helpers should learn to adapt their approach as the situation changes; which leads to the skill of critical thinking. â€Å"The ability to think creatively helps workers determine ways to get around hurdles that interfere with clients’ efforts to succeed† (Moffat, 2011, p.10). Throughout the helping process, a variety of changes is bound  to occur. Whether these are positive or negative changes, client and human service professional must work together to deal with them and continue to move forward with the assistance process. Using analytical and problem-solving skills, helpers can overcome the roadblocks to treatment and continuously work towards solutions. Treatment often involves networking with a number of other professionals and utilizing a variety of resources. Being able to work well as a team is another essential skill for human service professionals. Psychologists, Social Workers, Mental Health Facilitators and Counselors are all participants in the work of h uman services. Using communication, empathy, compassion, patience, analytical skills, and teamwork, the helper can effectively recognize and define the variety of client problems that exist and work with them towards accomplishing the goal of the helping process, which is to encourage responsibility and promote self-help. References Egan, G.E. (2010). The skilled Helper: A problem management and opportunity development approach to helping (9th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Ivey, A. E., Ivey, M. B., & Zalaquett, C. P. (2009). Intentional interviewing and counseling: Facilitating client development in a multicultural society (7th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Moffat, C. (2011). Helping those in need: Human service workers. Occupational Outlook Quarterly, 55(3), 22-32. Woodside, M., & McClam, T. (2011). An introduction to human services (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage.

Legoland’s main target market is families with young children

The families would enjoy a great day out while having fun with there children. The young children will have lots to do as the park is really based around them. Legoland has over 50 fantastic rides and attractions. Families with older children would not prefer Legoland, as they would not gave a fun day compared to, if they went to Thorpe Park. Thorpe Park is a thrill park and would excite them a lot more then Legoland. This is mainly because this is not the age group Legoland has targeted. Only one or two rides would attract the older children compared to nearly all the rides at Thorpe Park. Thorpe Park mainly attracts people from the age of 12 upwards as it is a thrill-seeking park. Young couples again would not have such a great time here purely because the park does not appeal to them. However they can enjoy some rides and have photos as most rides have ride photography. But Thorpe Park would be a better option, as they would enjoy themselves a lot more, with better thrill seeking rides. Legoland's nearest competitor would have to be Thorpe Park but they are two totally different parks as Legoland is aimed at 3-12 year olds where as Thorpe Parks target market is teenagers and adults. Thorpe Park is basically a thrill park as all the rides are quite intense. Some of the intense rides are the Colossus, Nemesis Inferno, Quantum, Detonator and Rumba rapids. The prices between Thorpe Park and Legoland are quite similar but a 14 year old for example would much prefer spend there money at Thorpe Park as it is better value for money for over 12's. Thorpe Park Legoland Adults- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½26.00 Adults- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½22.95 Children- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½19.50 Children- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½19.95 Seniors- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½17.00 Seniors- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16.95 Legoland is a unique park because it is the only park that offers something for younger children in the Royal Borough and is probably the best known in the UK. The closest family park to Legoland is Beavers Park inside the Pleasure Beach at Blackpool and also Paulton Park in New Forest. Paulton's Park is situated in a beautiful parkland setting of 140 acres with colourful gardens, sweeping lawns and a horseshoe shaped lake. It is a place full of fun, action and excitement. There are a variety of things to see and do for all ages. There are 40 different rides and attractions, fast and slow, wet and dry. Some of the features on offer are the Family Roller Coaster, Raging River Ride, Tiny Tots Town, Kids Kingdom, Clock Maze and there are many more. There are not a lot of comparisons between Legoland and Paulton Park. Paulton Park has fewer rides then Legoland though, but only by a few. Paulton Park is not advertised as much as Legoland and Paulton Park is not well known as Legoland in the UK. Legoland has also a better catchment area then Paulton Park. Legoland is very close to London, the capital of England also only 12 miles away from Heathrow airport. Also Legoland has many attractions nearby as it is situated in Windsor, which is a very popular tourist attraction. Paulton Parks catchment area is Bournemouth, Southampton and Brighton. Poulton Park is not commercialised enough. There are not a lot of improvements needed for Legoland as it is a very successful company and appeals to there target market very well. They are probably the best family park in the UK. To increase visitor figures they could build a couple more rides that would attract more teenagers. Maybe a thrill ride, this will attract a much wider range of people to Legoland. They could also make more rides to expand the park and make their customers day longer and more special. NEW FOREST LOCATION The New Forest is situated in the Southern part of England. A superb family holiday destination, flanked by the sea-faring cities of Portsmouth, Southampton and the town of Poole. New Forest extends to the South coast and the Isle of Wight. The New Forest has 93,000 acres of woodland and open-land brimming with wildlife. It is the largest un-enclosed area in Southern England, with ponies, donkeys, cattle, pigs, deer's and more roaming freely. There are a lot of activities that you can take up when you're at New Forest; the activities include horse riding, camping, walking, cycling and water sports. New Forest was set aside as a special place over nine centuries ago by William the conqueror. When you enter New Forest today, it appears that you're going backwards in time. The landscape is unique and traditions exist here that are unchanged since medieval times. New Forest is well known as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The catchment area for New Forest is quite good with a few major towns and cities nearby. Major towns and cities within two hours of New Forest are Bournemouth, Southampton, Brighton, Windsor, Bristol, Dover and London. The District has a resident population of 171,000, distributed between six main centres and many small villages. As in most rural communities there is considerable concern to maintain the unique quality of life, including not only the attractiveness of the area but also local services. Populations: Bournemouth- 163,444 One-Hour Drive of New Forest Southampton- 217,445 Brighton- 247,817 One and a Half Hour Drive of New Forest Bristol- 380,615 Windsor- 133,626 Two-Hour Drive of New Forest London- 7,172,091 Dover- 104, 566 Visitor Breakdown Millions enjoy the New Forest each year. The majority of visits are by local people within the district, this is approximately 10 million a year by the locals. A further 3.5 million are day visits from further afield and 2.5 million are visits by people staying overnight in the area. They come primarily for fresh air, recreation and peace and quiet. The New Forest also has many features and attractions for visitors. I think New Forest is suited to every age group. Some of the top attractions include Paulton's Park, Art sway, New Forest Cider Farm, Setley Ridge Vineyard, Cal Shot Castle and possibly one of the most popular reasons for visiting New Forest is the beautiful wildlife. Paulton Park is a place full of fun, action and excitement. Children would just love it here, with lots to do. It is very similar to that of Legoland in Windsor. There are 40 different rides and attractions, fast and slow, wet and dry. Some of the features on offer are the Family Roller Coaster, Raging River Ride, Tiny Tots Town, Kids Kingdom, Clock Maze and there are many more. Art Sway attracts many visitors who are interested in the modern day art designs and paintings. New Forest Cider Farm and Setley Ridge Vineyard are the ideal places to buy and experience how and where wine is grown, produced and bottled. The main target here is at the adults, it gives them a chance to buy and taste freshly brewed alcohol. Whilst on your visit to New Forest there is a great chance to visit one of Henry VIII's monuments, the Cal Shot Castle. Visitors have the chance to get right up close with the animals, as there are wild ponies and goats roaming free in the wild. The forest offers a number of centres with different animals on show, with Europe's largest gathering of multi-specied otters and owls. There are two beautiful sites you can visit they are Wildlife Park and also Longdown Activity Farm. There are a lot of activities that you can take up when you're at New Forest; the activities include horse riding, camping, walking, cycling and water sports. ACCESS Visitors can come to New Forest by car, rail and sea. By Road The road links for New Forest are excellent with the M3 and M27 providing access from London and the South East. If you are travelling from the Midlands you have the benefit of the M40 and A34. By Rail You can get to the New Forest from all over the country by train. There are over 130 stopping trains a day at Brockenhurst, which is on the mainline from London Waterloo, this is a one and a half hour journey. By sea Wightlink Ferries operate frequent services from the Isle of Wight to Lymington. P&O European Ferries operate services from Le Havre, Cherbourg and Bilbao. Brittany Ferries run services from Caen, St Malo and Santander. By Air The major London airports, Gatwick and Heathrow, are less than 100 miles away. Just outside New Forest there are Southampton and Bournemouth International Airports. These are easily accessible via good rail and coach connections.

Meaning of Life Essay

We ask ourselves everyday if our life has meaning. We view our lives and others’ lives in different ways. I agree with life being viewed as a game, and life as learning is adding meaning to our life. I disagree with life having no meaning at all. Every human being views life differently and believes your life is influenced by different ideas and lessons. Life as a game creates a theory that we can’t just take our lives too seriously or else we won’t be happy and feel as if we have fulfilled our lives and/or our purpose on earth. In our textbook it says if you believe your life is a game, you must pick the type of game you wish to play in your life. You can play games that are purely for fun, for superiority, social, hurting your opponents, or to help others. If you pick to have your game of life to be played just for fun then this could possibly be the happiest way to play your game of life. When being able to play a game for fun it excludes the worry of being judged and having to conquer other opponents to become the â€Å"winner† in your game of life. Your opponents could be your friends, family, co-workers, peers, mentors throughout your life and this could make you a miserable person if they turn their backs on you, or fight against your game of life. If we pick to play our life in a game to hurt our opponents then do we decide who our opponent is? Our opponents could be people in our lives who we do not like. They could become our friends and family and if we disagree, then do they become an opponent to us because we don’t see eye to eye? There are so many different ways you could pick to play your game of life. And only you can pick your game, but others around us do influence our choice of what we choose for a game. We don’t want to pick a game to which we are setting ourselves up to become targeted as a â€Å"loser†. We all want to be the â€Å"winner†. I believe in our game of life we should be able to choose if we are going to be the â€Å"winner† in our game of life and who the â€Å"losers† will be. Or should everyone be a winner? Some games in particular could cause chaos in our lives. If we choose to play our life as a competitive game then this could end up giving us enemies, and then what is life really about when you have people against you. In a competitive game it is hard to see the ending outcome of the game, so it is always a gamble to what your life or even the next day might bring. When you don’t know what the next day will bring, does the rules in your game of life change? It is possible when playing a game, the rules will change and new ones can be created and taken away. As little kids playing games, when they don’t like a rule, or merely forget a rule, this changes the game. And these changes affect the outcome of your ending result. Unfortunately I think the rules of your game can change because you learn new things and new technology comes out every day. Life as learning is something we all are introduced to throughout our lives. But do we pay attention to the things life is trying to teach us? Our textbook refers to having a bad experience and turning it into a situation we can learn from. I think we take all situations we are put into and get some kind of lesson or moral meaning out of it. If you view life in different ways then it could change how you react to your life lessons and the idea you should get out of the story. I believe we should all try everything once if it is presented to us and it is morally right. If you can’t live your life to the fullest, then are you actually learning everything you can from your life? Do we encounter things in our life because we should learn from them? Is life supposed to have flaws so we can become a better person and make ourselves better prepared for the next time the problem arises? We can ask ourselves all theses questions and if we listen to the ending result and want to understand then we will take something out of the issue as a life learning situation. But can we shut the ideas and ending decisions out, and ignore the life lesson? I think that each and every event that happens in our life was presented to us to teach us a new life lesson and prepare us better for the next time if it comes up in our life again. These life lessons can hurt us but if life was perfect all the time, then when faced with a flaw in our life we wouldn’t know how to respond and cope with the problem. Some people in life can’t face their flaws of life and walk away or give up. People might do this because they can’t deal with the pain and suffering they believe they are being faced with. With the two philosophies above I do agree that our life is a game, and life is learning. We pick what we want to believe and understand. And in our life we play a game where we can pick the â€Å"winners† and â€Å"losers†. We believe that we make the ending decision in our life and pick what our life stories and experiences actually mean. When we are surprised with conflict and a sudden problem, we might not be able to control our life until we can understand what is going on. And if we take time to understand, then aren’t we still controlling our life? We could always walk away and ignore the new problem. The idea I disagree with the most is life has no meaning at all. Albert Camus said in his book The Myth of Sisyphus that â€Å"the absurd had become a widespread sensibility in our times. † He also relates life having no meaning at all to atheism. If there is no external meaning, then he believes there is no point in life. If life had no meaning then wouldn’t we careless about our future and live for that moment. If life has no meaning then would we be in school trying to receive a quality education? Albert Camus believes that most humans are frightened by the idea of living on earth with no purpose to life. And this allows humans to create a purpose to live. In our textbook it states a quote from his book, â€Å"The gods had condemned Sisyphus to ceaselessly rolling a rock to the top of a mountain, whence the stone would fall back of it own weight. They had thought with some reason that there is no more dreadful punishment than futile and hopeless labor. † This to me means that when you are asked to conquer something that is impossible for you to accomplish, then it is the worse thing that would happen in your life. This makes you feel like you have failed at what god has asked you to do. I believe we all have a meaningful life. Each and every one of us affects someone in the world, either if it’s a positive way or sometimes in a negative way. We won’t always realize our affect on others unless it is pointed out to us. As we discussed in class, a drug addict might share his story, and affect children and teenagers and show them the life they lived and how they are now. I think as a teacher you add meaning to your life by teaching others about a variety of topics in life and history. The question does life have a meaning is worth answering. Each and every one of us has our own opinion of life and if it has meaning. We truly can’t look up the definition in the dictionary and believe that is what life is. We need to look at our personal situations, as well as experiences to see how it molds our view of what life means. The definition of life from The American College Dictionary states â€Å"a corresponding state, existence, or principle of existence conceived as belonging to the soul. † This to me means that as long as we have a presence on earth they have life on earth. This definition isn’t the only one about life; we create our own meaning which is molded to our life. If life is just about existence, then life may have no meaning. We are here on earth to impact people in same way and form. If we are here just for existence then we aren’t living life. In reality I think life can be looked at in many different ways and there is not just one definition. Is their just one definition and would this change the way we live our lives? Would we be different people than who we are today? Life is a special thing, and we can view our life in different perspectives. As mentioned in my paper we can view life as a game, as learning, and life can have no meaning at all. I don’t agree with all the ways we can view our life, but each and every one of us can pick our own way to view life. For me I agree with the fact that life is a game. We pick if we want to play a game for fun, or to be the king of the world. The way we decide to play our life game determines who we are as a person and it helps affect the mood we are in. I also believe life as learning. In life we are given many different life lessons. And what we take from these life lessons is teaching us life. If we don’t take the time to learn, then our life isn’t complete. Or we at least aren’t living our life to the fullest. I disagree with the fact that our life has no meaning. We make our having meaning, and if we don’t put meaning in our life, then it will be meaningless. You might view your life as meaningless, and to others your life could be filled with meaning. Your view of your life can be different than the way others view your life. Life can have many different meanings and can affect our lives in different ways. In the end we choose what our life will be, and how we will live our life. No one else can choose how you should live your life. In the end it is your choice and your choice alone. We can be influenced by others, but they can’t make the final decisions.

Chinese Cinderella Extended Response

The novel ‘Chinese Cinderella’ is an autobiography written by Adeline Yen Mah, describing her childhood and younger teenage years as an unwanted daugther. Unlike most children, Adeline had a difficult time growing up. All throughout her life she was bullied and looked down upon by most of her family. At a young age Adeline is constantly being left behind by her family, leaving her to feel like the unwanted daughter. Throughout the whole novel, Adeline is looked down at and is never acknowledged for her hard work â€Å"Nobody was there to pat my head or congratulate me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  page 17.Adeline’s Father, who is a wealthy businessman, has a small role in the book. This is because Niang seems to be the ‘head of house’. Whenever he is involved, he seems to not care, he is often forgetful or simply uninterested about her, admitting to Adeline â€Å"I have forgotten your Chinese name†¦ † page 140. Even by her siblings Adeline is abused or m istreated, â€Å"But then Mama died giving birth to you. If you had not been born, Mama would still be alive. She’ died because of you. â€Å"You are bad luck. † page 3. †¦He took my right arm under the table and gave it a quick hard twist. † page 10. Although Adeline tries her best to please her father and siblings she is continually being rejected by them. Adeline was looked down on and hated by her family, especially by Niang, who was the hardest to please, throughout Chinese Cinderella, it shows that Niang was never happy with Adeline â€Å"You don’t deserve to be housed and fed here. Girls like you should be sent away† page 113. Niang physically abuses Adeline by hitting her, kicking her, slapping her.Adeline is always left miserable, lonely and feeling helpless and afraid. One day, Adeline’s classmates had discreetly followed her home, hoping to give her a surprise party. Instead, they heard Niang beating and screaming at her, â⠂¬Å"Liar! You planned it, didn’t you, to show off our house to your penniless classmates. How dare you! † page 127. â€Å"I realised Niang’s blows must have caused a nosebleed, and that my face was probably smeared with a mixture of blood, mucus and tears†¦I felt naked and ghastly and vulnerable. † page 129.Niang continues abuse Adeline despite her doing nothing wrong she was unloved by Niang and alone with nobody there to support her. Adeline was different. Her family were the ones who put a label on her and her friends all realised that she was different. She is an unwanted daughter â€Å"†¦despised daughter publicly rejected by her parents. † page 133. Although Adeline is a smart girl going to expensive schools, she does not fit in very well with her classmates. This is because Adeline â€Å"†¦neither receives eggs or visits† â€Å"†¦rushing around in that infantile brown dress. page 194. In chapter 18 is shows that Ad eline hates being â€Å"the object of anyone’s charity or pity† Page 195. Even though it is clear Adeline and her classmates were never really on the same level of friendship. Back in the primary school in Shanghai, Adeline where tried hard to fit in with her classmates, She befriended Wu Chun-Mei who quickly became her best friend, the only one she had during primary. In conclusion all through Adeline’s life Niang shows multiple times through the book that Adeline is not a loved child in her family.

Comparative Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparative Politics - Essay Example The dictatorship or authoritarian governments can be considered as an example of elitist theory. In majority of the cases elite class of the society exercise their powers because of certain skills which are quite unique in that particular area. This is the reason on the basis of which most of the people living in elitist society could not challenge the status quo. Most of the people assume government as an elite group. However this is not the case always. Corporate sector can also act as an elite group of the society. They are on a bargaining position because of their revenue generating capability which will ultimately benefit the country. Real life scenarios of recent past suggest that corporations even play role in developing governments across the globe. Therefore it can be concluded that elite group has a powerful role to play in the growth and development. The pressure groups are almost inexistent in the elitist society. They do not have the resources to influence their point of view on elitist. Elitist theory also states that whenever attempts are made to over through elitist, the reaction of could be very harmful for the effective functioning of the society. Therefore decent homework will be required to alter such system (Machiavelli, NiccoloIâ‚ ¬, W. K. Marriott, Nelle Fuller, and Thomas Hobbes, 1955). Pluralist theory suggests that economic development of the nation is the responsibility of government. However certain pressure groups can influence the decision making process of government. In pluralist society public have the power to actively criticize the decisions of government and develop a pressure group for the improvement of their living conditions. There are classes of competing groups who try to grab maximum power by dissecting the opportunities for other pressure groups. Political scientists are of the opinion that pluralist society cannot become stable in the long run since it does not have unity of command. Unstable governments are the n orm of those societies. As far as the case of Unites States of America is concerned it can be concluded that pluralistic democratic system is prevailing in the country. Government administration of USA has to face to pressure as well as opposition members on the congress before making any decision associated with the government. Occupy Wall Street movement can be considered as an example of pressure group. There is no limitation on the general public to protest against governmental decisions (Johnson, Janet Buttolph, and Richard Joslyn, 1986). Question 2 Plurality system is the single voting system. According to this system the candidate with highest votes is elected as a member of legislative assembly. This system is based on the constituent politics. There are some political scientists who consider it as a best representative of democratic system. However opponents argue that it is not necessary that general public could elect the member who can solve their problems in the true se nse. Therefore the system cannot be considered as fool proof. The condition of absolute majority does not prevail in this system. Simple majority is enough to decide the candidature. Proportional representation system is quite different from plurality system. It is based on seats to voter relationship. For example if party A has received 30% seats in the assembly then that party should also get 30% votes in the electoral process. Political scien

Operations Management in Action in Wal-Mart Term Paper

Operations Management in Action in Wal-Mart - Term Paper Example In addition, Wal-Mart is one of the most financially successful organizations worldwide, as well as topping the list of the biggest private employer companies, having more than two million workers. The Walton family controls up to 48% of Wal-Mart as its founding member was from the said family. Wal-Mart, whose headquarters is in Arkansas, has its shares publicly traded in the New York Stock Exchange since 1972 under the code NYSE:  WMT. The company’s main revenue earner is its grocery retailing business, which generates up to 51% of the company’s entire sales. In 2009, for instance, Wal-Mart’s grocery business generated impressive sales of up to $258 billion. In addition to running the Wal-Mart stores, Wal-Mart also operates the Sam’s Club retail warehousing units in the US (Frank, p. 14). Wal-Mart’s Operations Wal-Mart’s operations are based on the divisional structure, which encompasses three distinct divisions that are Sam’s Club, Wal-Mart Stores US and Wal-Mart International. These divisions are then split into different simplistic retail formats that include, among others, food and drugs, apparel stores; supercenters discount stores and general merchandise. While for the most part, Wal-Mart has had successful operations in the UK, South and North America, and China, its operations have been largely unsuccessful in nations such as South Korea and Germany. Wal-Mart has over the last years engaged in massive campaigns aimed at boosting its operations and efficacy by buying off companies such as Vudu, an entertainment company, in 2010. In addition, up to 40% of product range available in Wal-Mart stores comes from private label brands, although Wal-Mart also produces its own goods through contracts with other manufacturers such as Cott Beverages. Wal-Mart’s divisional operation structure entails separate and semi-autonomous divisions within the single corporation. As earlier cited, these include Samâ₠¬â„¢s Club, Wal-Mart Stores US and Wal-Mart International, Wal-Mart Realty and Superstores. All these divisions have individual goals and missions which are aligned to the overall mission of the entire group. The divisional operation structure of Wal-Mart entails an overall CEO who is also the chairman (Mike Duke) of the board of directors and under him there are directors and managers who oversee operations in individual company divisions. All organizational functions of the company are grouped into divisions, and each division contains all necessary resources it requires. Wal-Mart’s divisional operation design is based on both geographical and product basis where stores in different nations are grouped in a single division and stores dealing in certain products or services are grouped in another division (Stevenson, p. 154). In Wal-Mart’s operations, all divisional managers are tasked with overseeing the daily control and decision-making regarding individual stores. In addition, divisional managers are held accountable for divisions’ success or failures. All divisions have their own sales, marketing, engineering and accounting departments. This operational system is marred by a number of problems that will be highlighted in the subsequent section of this paper. Operations Management Problems Wal-Mart faces a number of critical issues as a result of its divisional opera

Midterm Exam Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Midterm Exam - Term Paper Example Where regulations put in place are non-enforceable; feedback from the regulatory cycle ensures that the necessary adjustments to the legal framework take effect. In a regulatory cycle, consultation should be taken in priority at all stages. When consultations are carried out early in the regulatory process it is easy to understand the nature and extent of the range of possible options that can address it together with potential costs involved. When it comes to government policy and consultation, it leads to establishment of best practice on stakeholder consultation in aim of maintaining a better regulatory process. The regulatory process played a major role in the automobile industry. The cycle required the management to re-strategies their future plans according to the set regulations. As part of the regulatory cycle, carbon constrains policy measures were being introduced into the system, which meant a drastic measure for the automobile industry. The policy is designed to moderate the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) together with other greenhouse gases. Regulating the emission of carbon dioxide directly affects the motor industry, which means that management decisions in the automotive industry had to be adjusted. The management of automotive industry was forced to change their plans as the new regulations meant that their products were supposed to meet certain standards for them to gain market. The key idea is that if the industry is facing pressure to minimize carbon emission then the costs for manufacturing will definitely go high as a result the vehicle pricing will have to go high. Another thing that management will have to come up with is the change in competitive advantage. Increased technologies, advanced engines, and designs will no longer be the basis of competition this is something that management needs to understand. Instead, management will have to focus on a rather different strategy that incorporates reducing carbon dioxide emission in order to stay competitive. Question 2 After a careful analysis of Kellman’s critique on cost benefit analysis, I find it logical to agree with his ideas as decision-making should be something taken while focusing on all considerations. It is rather unfair for decisions to be made in terms of benefits alone instead of weighing other factors involved such as moral and ethical consequences (Kellman). It is true that on a moral level cost benefit analysis cannot be suitable for making all life decisions. Just as he explains with critical assessment, the negative and positive consequences that are experienced from an act in most cases go beyond the act’s instantaneous consequence. Perhaps one of the most affected group is the minority, as cost benefit analysis never concentrates on the minority. Furthermore, negative group against moral consideration in making decision is another group that Kellman introduces as utilitarian. This group makes decisions on their acts whether they a re wrong or right it all depends on its consequence of action. If there were satisfaction then they would maximize their satisfaction believing that whatever they are doing and generally believe that it is right. My opinion would be cost benefit analysis only ought to be made after all other needs are met such as whether the decision is morally accepted and are there any groups of minority. Corporate sustainability is an approach that brings in a long-term employee and consumer value

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Politics - Essay Example There are three main topics which I cover in this essay, the first is explaining the current approaches to the post - Cold war international order, secondly I examine the role of the U.S.A in the international order, and finally, I discuss the future possibilities of the international order. I take each topic in turn, present both arguments and show the similarities and differences between Liberals and Marxists. The end of the Cold War can be analysed as a significant development in world politics and as the defeat of Marxism and triumph of Liberalism. Fukuyama is quoted as saying that this is â€Å"the end of History† and explains in his thesis, â€Å" [the end of the Cold war is] not to an â€Å"end of ideology† or a convergence between capitalism and socialism, but to an unabashed victory of economic and political liberalism† (1989 pp.39). The triumphant Liberals will claim that the post-Cold war world order has the U.S.A as the single world super-power, however, they have grasped this power through consent rather than through imperialist measures like past super-powers have done, for example, Great British Empire throughout the 19th century. This has been achieved through introduction of Free-trade agreements via the WTO, and, as a result of certain policies and economic development, other important liberal factors, such as democracy and freedom, have flourished, pa rticularly in former Soviet Union satellite states such as Poland and the Ukraine. The traditional Liberal position on the international order is a â€Å"bottom-up approach† (p121) which means that the needs of the individuals is paramount so the states orientations reflect the peoples desires and not the other way around. This in turn is reflected onto the international scene where different states want different things and hence free-trade can be quite effective in this position. From the

Service Quality of Sports Centre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Service Quality of Sports Centre - Essay Example The interview focused n 5 different factors of service quality level which are tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. In order to capture how the five different factors measure up, 21 different types of questions are generated. These questions are marked using the Likert Scale. Then depending upon the relative importance of the five dimensions, the preset 21 questions are rearranged and marked and weighted accordingly. In order to produce better statistical report, the sample composition is analyzed. In order to analyze the composition of the sample, descriptive statistics like bar diagram, cross tabulation, pie charts and correlation statistics are applied (Bailey and Pearson, 2003). These tests are applied on demographic characteristics of the respondents or the fixed factors of the respondents. The next section of the analysis reflects upon the assessment of the importance of each dimension of service quality as perceived by the customers. In order to analy ze two types of tests are conducted, one is the factor analysis or the factor reduction method and the other one is the descriptive statistics analysis (Baroudi, 2003). ...The next step of analysis involves testing the various aspects of service performance. The various aspects are measured on two different ways. One involves the direct recordings on the Likert scale and the other on is the derived rating after adjusting the readings according to the relative importance or weight (Bentier and Bonett, 2008). These two types of readings are tested using the principal component analysis. In the last stage cross tabulations are done. This cross tabulation indicates the level up to which the satisfactions vary according to the characteristics of the user. 1. Sample composition The sample composition is analyzed by using cross tabs and simple pie charts, bar diagram and correlation statistics. The pie charts are used to show the composition of the male and female and the composition of th e type of people from each subject area. Fig 1: Male and female composition Source: author’s source It is evident from the diagram that the study included more number of males and the number of females. The male percentage is 75%, while the female percentage is 25%. The next analysis is the examination of the crosstabs between frequency of use and gender. Fig 2: Bar Chart Source: author’s source The users among male students show higher frequency than the users among female. There is one very important point in this analysis. The number of non users in male is significantly more than the number of users among male. Among male most of them used the sports centre twice a month, while users among females most of them used it only once.

Pricing Strategies for FirstGroup PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pricing Strategies for FirstGroup PLC - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the FirstGroup Company operates a wide range of transport services such as bus, coach, rail & tram, as well as, the yellow school bus. The headquarters of the company are at Aberdeen Scotland, with the company’s Chief Executive Officer and chairperson being Tim O’Toole and Martin Gilbert respectively. These two provide the company with a great insight and appropriate leadership necessary to achieve its goals and objectives. The incorporation of the company was in 1986 and has had tremendous growth over the years to expand its operations even to international markets. Currently, it is among the leading transport services company in the world, specializing in road and rail transport. This is evident from the revenue brought in by the company over the years, such as in March 2013, the company recorded net revenue of  £ 6,901 million. On the other hand, the operating income of the company for the same financial period was  £ 335 million, whil e the net income for the company during the same period was  £ 172 million. This shows how profitable the company is in its operations. the company provides employment opportunities to numerous jobless people across the markets in which it operates, with its number of employees by the end of a trading period of March 2013 being 120,000. In addition, the company has an online platform that enables its customers to enjoy convenience and efficiency while dealing with it, as well as, provide the company an opportunity to increase its market control and holding within the industry by gaining a competitive advantage over other market players. The FirstGroup PLC undertakes a number of transport services across various markets and routes within the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Ireland and Denmark where it operates. In order to maximize its profits, the company has to adopt a pricing strategy that enables it to make a profit with every transaction. As such, it adopts a differ ent pricing strategy depending on the type of transport service it provides, such as by bus, train or tram, as well as, the route and distance in which it operates, considering the other factors if transportation such as traffic jams, calibre of passengers, as well as, the frequency of the routes they use.